Shivaji T. Sangle
Abstract
Maharashtra is second highest populated, third largest in area, second urbanized and most industrialized state in India. Maharashtra State occupies the western and central part of the country and has geographical area of 307.58 Lakh ha, which includes ...
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Maharashtra is second highest populated, third largest in area, second urbanized and most industrialized state in India. Maharashtra State occupies the western and central part of the country and has geographical area of 307.58 Lakh ha, which includes gross cropped area of 231.75 lakh ha. Maharashtra State is mainly covered by the six river basins and has 126 billion cubic meters of average annual renewable surface and groundwater resources. Integrated State Water Plan (ISWP) for all major river basins has been prepared for sustainable development and judicious use of State’s scarce water resources, both surface and groundwater. Maharashtra has 87 major, 297 medium and 3519 irrigation minor projects in the water sector of the State, creating live storage capacity of 43.8 billion cubic meters (BCM). Maharashtra is a pioneer state in India to have Water Resources Regulatory Act (2005) and established Maharashtra Water Resources Regulatory Authority (MWRRA) to regulate water resource; facilitate and ensure judicious equitable and sustainable management; allocation and utilization of water resources as well as to fix the rates for use of water for all purposes and matter connected therewith and incidental thereto. MWRRA fixes the rates for use of water for agriculture, industries, domestic and other purposes in such a way that the water charges shall reflect the recovery of full cost of irrigation management, administration and maintenance of water resource project (O & M Cost). In this paper an attempt is made to study the mechanism followed by MWRRA for determination of bulk water rates for agriculture, domestic and industrial users. Water resource has both characteristics of social good as well as economic good. Therefore, pure market mechanism fails to determine water rates for irrigation. MWRRA have used modified form of Contingent Valuation Method for determination of water rates for different uses and developed bulk water tariff system in the State of Maharashtra (India). MWRRA, after due consideration of comments and suggestion received from various line departments, field officers, experts, Non-government organizations, water users associations, beneficiaries, etc., has finalized the bulk water tariff for various water users for the period 2018-20. There are incentives for using drip irrigation and for Water User Associations and also for treating of municipal sewage water and its reuse. The Authority has been using the tariff as a tool to enforce the measures towards prevention of pollution of the natural streams and water bodies. The MWRRA, through consultations with experts and stakeholders had evolved the criteria for sharing of estimated O & M cost of water resource project among the three main water use sectors as domestic (22%), industry (59%) and agriculture (19%).
Irrigation Efficiency
Buber Alexander; Bondarik Irina; Ratkovich Evgeniy
Abstract
The basin of the Lower Kuban is experiencing an acute shortage of water resources during the growing season. Every third year is low water year. Water Intake in the complex layout of rice irrigation systems requires reliable forecasting and skilful management. The Report presents the results ...
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The basin of the Lower Kuban is experiencing an acute shortage of water resources during the growing season. Every third year is low water year. Water Intake in the complex layout of rice irrigation systems requires reliable forecasting and skilful management. The Report presents the results of research and developed methods for finding the optimal operating modes for the water-resource system of the Lower Kuban based on hydrodynamic solutions and the trade-offs theory that ensure the reliable operation of rice irrigation systems, considering the conflicting requirements of water users.
The methodology is based on multi-criteria analysis and hydrodynamic modelling with application of the ‘Operating Structures’ module, which, according to a given hierarchy of priorities, allows fulfilling the water users’ requirements to discharges and water levels during determined time period (water intakes and outlets points on the river network). The developed computational technology allows to reach reasonable compromise decision in the process of negotiations between water users and water basin authorities.
Groundwater Productivity
Saeideh Parvizi; AbdulKarem Ahmed Meklef; hasan bardan aswad; Husam Muklef Nage; Noori Hamad Erzayek
Abstract
A groundwater quality investigation has been carried out within Kasra-Nukhaib district (west Iraq), The physicochemical analyses of twenty-four groundwater samples collected from UmErdhuma-Tayarat Aquifer are used in the determination of groundwater assessment for various uses supported by standard limits ...
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A groundwater quality investigation has been carried out within Kasra-Nukhaib district (west Iraq), The physicochemical analyses of twenty-four groundwater samples collected from UmErdhuma-Tayarat Aquifer are used in the determination of groundwater assessment for various uses supported by standard limits for various purposes. Conceptual spatial hydrochemical bi-model was prepared for quantitative and qualitative interpretation. The hydrochemical results are correlated with the standard classifications to determine the hydrogeochemical phenomena for groundwater use. The sodium percent of the groundwater samples on the Wilcox diagram indicates that the Groundwater is good to permissible quality for irrigation uses in the twenty-one percentile, of the samples, doubtful to unsuitable in sixty-seven percentile and unsuitable in twelve percentile. SAR values on Richards diagram show that 50% of the water samples are classified as admissible to good quality for irrigation. The other water samples are classified as bad to very bad. The results showed that the groundwater of the UmErdhuma-Tayarat aquifer has precedence for irrigation, agricultural purposes, animal drinking, and fair class for natural preserve activities, while the groundwater of the aquifer is not suggested for direct drinking purposes. In addition, the ground waters within the hydrogeologic system can be used in low-pressure boilers, mining, construction industry, and unsafe in high-pressure boilers. The Corrosivity ratio indicates that 75% of exploited groundwater from boreholes is unsafe for long-distance transportation through metallic pipelines.
